Time (Movie Review) Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Time (Movie Review) - Thesis Example The conflict in the story begins when the woman decides to undergo plastic surgery to rekindle the waning intimacy of her relationship with her boyfriend. She instantly disappears without letting her boyfriend know and keeps her plan a secret. Her boyfriend, meanwhile, dates other women but maintains his love for his runaway girlfriend. After six months of recovering from plastic surgery, the woman resurfaces and falls in love again with his estranged boyfriend. The renewed relationship between the two is tested once more as questions of personal identity, love, and beauty emerge to the fore and devastate their once peaceful existence in time. A social commentary on plastic surgery, the film puts women as the main object of criticism in the story. Various models of women were embodied by the characters in the film. Aside from the low self-esteemed character who underwent plastic surgery, there were entertainers, a prostitute, and a confident woman who did not have identity problems. The film aims to provide a landscape of women in Korea. The landscape of these women in the film, in turn, becomes the stage on which the viewers would compare and contrast one woman character from another woman character to actual Korean women in the real world. In the film, their worth is neither measured by educational attainment nor by the ability to bear children and be good wives as possible; instead the measure of their worth depends on how well they sustain an attractive physical appearance, a beautiful face, and the ability to constantly look new, fresh, and desirable to men. â€Å"Aren’t you sick of the same body?†, as asked by one of the men in the film becomes a universal question that unconsciously haunts every Korean woman and their male partner. On a subtle level, the film seems to validate the patriarchal ideology in South Korea where men decide, in this case, what is beautiful and what is a possible candidate for a plastic surgery. But Korean women

American Involvment in World War I Essay Example for Free

American Involvment in World War I Essay This investigation assesses American involvement in World War I before military intervention, and how this led to military intervention. In order to assess these causes, one must examine America’s involvement in the war before combat, the events that launched America’s military intervention in the war, American sentiments about the war before military intervention, and Woodrow Wilson’s actions before the war. Two sources used in the essay, America’s Great War: World War One and the American Experience by Robert H.   Ziegler and Woodrow Wilson’s speech to congress on April 2nd, 1917 are evaluated for their origins, values, purposes and limitations. The investigation does not asses the pre-war situations of any countries but the United States, and does not asses American military involvement during the First World War Summary Of Evidence Prior to 1917, America was already deeply involved in the First World War, though they did not have troops fighting in the trenches overseas. First, American involvement in the war was purely as a producer and creditor to the Allied Powers. The war, while catastrophic for the countries involved in its atrophied trench battles, provided America with an astronomical boost to its economy, from 2 billion dollars in exported materials in 1913 to nearly 6 billion dollars in exports in 1916. This economic boom was mainly brought on by Britain’s dependency on American foodstuffs and manufactured goods.. The economic ties between America and Britain tightened with public subscription loans. By 1917, Britain had borrowed 2. 7 billion dollars from American creditors. Historian Paul Koistinen wrote â€Å"Without American supplies, Britain could not continue the war; without American financing of almost 10$ million a day †¦ Britain would exhaust its reserves of gold and securities by March 1917. Its dependence was total. Cutting back procurement . . . would produce disaster in England† Originally, America did nothing but reap the reward of â€Å"neutrality†. When Americas turned their eyes to the stage of war in Europe, they were truly terrified. One Chicago newspaper joked â€Å"A hearty vote of thanks to Columbus for having discovered America†. This sentiment was echoed by many American citizens, who showed pride in President Woodrow Wilson’s decision to declare America a neutral state in the war. Americans thoughts on the war lied in their bloodlines, as a majority of Americans were descendants from either Allied or Central Powers nations. Most Americans, early in the war at least, didn’t understand the war or why it was being fought, and were glad that America wasn’t involved. However, these robust Anti-Involvement sentiments began to fade after May 7 1915, the day of the Lusitania crisis. German U-Boats torpedoed and sunk a passenger liner in British waters, killing nearly 1,200 civilians, including 128 American citizens. The murder of these innocents set off the first widespread pro war feelings in Americans. This outrage was justified, but was also heightened by yellow journalism that demonized Germans as barbarians and deranged killers. President Woodrow Wilson, taking note of this event and the outrage it caused, warned the Germans that any further violation of American rights would result in â€Å"Strict Accountability† for these actions. This, as well as the bloody war dragging on in Europe, brought up the question of military preparedness in the United States. By 1916, pro-preparedness sentiment was widespread, as 135,000 supporters of expanding the military marched on New York City’s 5th Avenue, for 12 hours. In Chicago, 130,000 telephone operators moved in the shape of an American flag, goose-stepping down State Street. In the election of 1916, Woodrow Wilson ran against Charles E. Hughes, who was backed by Theodore Roosevelt, former president and staunch Allied Powers supporter, as well as an advocate for military preparedness. Woodrow Wilson won the election by only about 600,000 popular votes. However, these sentiments were met with an equally strong anti-militarism force, saying that in a chaotic world, America must be a beacon and resist entrance into war, and resist building an enormous military. Strong anti-militaristic sentiments began to fade when British intelligence officers intercepted a telegram sent from Foreign Secretary of the German Empire Arthur Zimmermann to the German ambassador of Mexico, Heinrich von Eckardt. This infamous proposal, known as the Zimmermann note, proposed that Mexico wage war against the United States. Throughout America’s neutrality in World War 1, President Wilson had acted as a mediator, but with tension building to a terminal level and with the Zimmermann note, Wilson was forced to ask congress to bolster America’s military forces on April 2nd 1917. Later in the same year, America sent its first military forces oversees Evaluation Of Sources Robert H Zieger: America’s Great War: World War One and the American Experience Origins- (2000) Zieger is a respected labor historian Purpose- Provides an in-depth look at American involvement in the war. Value- The economic statistics and quotations from various primary and secondary sources allow the reader to evaluate the validity of the claims Zieger makes. Limitations- does not provide any new opinions or claims Woodrow Wilson, April 2nd 1917 to congress to persuade congress to bring the United States Origin- German hostile actions towards the United States Purpose- Persuade congress to declare war on Germany and the Central Powers Value- clearly outlined Wilson’s reason’s for entering war Limitations- doesn’t explain the underlying causes of military intervention or pressure from big business to declare war for entry  Analysis America’s involvement in World War One began with producing vital weapons and foodstuffs for the Allied Powers, as well as economically supporting the Allied nation’s governments. Throughout the war, the German Empire repeatedly acted belligerently towards the neutral United States, sinking passenger lines, killing Amer ican civilians. Tension with Germany also rose after the proposal to Mexico asking the Mexican army to wage war on the United States. These belligerent German acts, however, would not have held as much effect as they did if American political opinions had not been shifted by the German actions, the economic pressure of close ties to the Allied nations, or social pressure brought along by shifting political attitudes. These all contributed to tensions growing regarding American military involvement I World War One President Woodrow Wilson was a stalwart proponent of American neutrality in the First World War for the almost all of the war, but the American political climate at the time forced his hand.. He was able to win this election because most voters at the time had pro-neutrality sentiments. However, Wilson took into account his slim margin of victory, and the Republican’s yearning for a prepared military. These yearnings were brought on mainly by the Lusitania sinking. A major proponent for intervention, the previously mentioned Theodore Roosevelt, denounced these acts of the German Empire as acts of piracy. Roosevelt’s popularity made these statements extremely well heard. This shift in public opinion helped force President Wilson’s hand. America’s involvement in World War One before it entry in combat was extremely vital, producing millions of dollars’ worth of material for Britain and France, as well as financing the war through small loans. This dependency was built by J. P Morgan, who traded nearly 3 billion dollars’ worth of goods with the allied powers. By 1917, America had invested 2. 7 billion dollars in Britain alone. Historian Paul Koistinen’s quote regarding British dependency on American trade shows how deeply entrenched America was with the war’s affairs pre involvement. These statistics show that the allied powers were completely dependent on American economic support American corporations had an immense amount of wealth in the war, and if they Allied powers lost the war, all of their investments would be worth nothing, because the countries that had been responsible for repaying these debts would no longer exist. The war was taking a detrimental toll on the populations of the warring nations, and the war was almost completely atrophied. It was only a matter of time before one side lost, and it was essential to American business that it was the Allied Powers. Had the allied powers lost to the central powers, American financers would have lost 2. 7 billion dollars as a whole, 2. 7 billion dollars that were needed to give to American business, 2. 7 billion dollars that banks needed to stay in business. Throughout pre-involvement America, as early as the dawn of the war, so called â€Å"hyphenated Americans†, had opinions on what side of the war to support, dependent on their country of origin. German-Americans, the largest ethnic group at the time , supported what they thought of as their motherland, Germany, therefore supported the Central Powers. The second largest ethnic group, Irish-Americans, saw Great Britain as an oppressor, therefore were also supporters of the central powers. However, most Americans at the time were still pro-neutrality. A Chicago newspaper, expressing thanks to Columbus, wrote an article on the blessing of the Atlantic Ocean. This was a popular sentiment at the time, and many Americans were proud of Wilson’s decision to be neutral. After the sinking of American ocean liner Lusitania the support of neutrality began to fade. Before the Lusitania disaster, however, 92 ships had been sunken by aggressive German action. None of these attacks had gained as much publicity, partially due to the fact that the previous sinking’s hadn’t been as destructive. But this was also due to the fact that the Lusitania sinking was grabbed onto by yellow journalists. â€Å"The blood of these murdered victims cries for vengeance. If that cry is unheard, the people of the United States will always bear upon them the stigma of the greatest humiliation ever put upon a nation. Writes a reporter from the Toronto Telegram. President Wilson demanded that German U-Boats stop sinking civilian liners, and if they continued to do so, they would be met with military retaliation. This didn’t stop Germans from sinking boats, and Wilson’s failure to take action against them infuriated Americans. Observing the protests in American cities at the time, one can judge that huge masses of people were strongly in favo r of interventionism. Conclusion The process of the American military joining the Allied Powers seemed inevitable from the start of the war, but still took hostile action and over reaction to spark military involvement. America’s pre-war economic ties to Europe and America’s reliance on trade with these nations during the war made America’s involvement with these nations too deep to let them lose the war, therefore forcing combat. Woodrow Wilson’s strong stance on neutrality couldn’t stand up to the enormous pressure he faced from the people of the United States.

A Letter To The President :: essays research papers

Difficult Decisions Dear President Bush and Congress: I have written you to discuss our national budget and the inherent problems in our fiscal policy. Although I am not the best informed on this subject I think my opinions and ideas are relevant. I have several ideas for both raising more capital and lowering government expenditure. I believe action must be taken on both fronts to curb our national debt before it adversely affects our economy. I will first share my ideas on lowering government spending. First and foremost I believe we must lower defense spending and downsize our military. We have the most powerful military in the world and can afford some budget cuts without risking national security or global standing. We must also cut spending on the home front. I believe we should lower welfare payments and encourage people to find jobs instead of relying on the government. We should also give tax incentive to wealthy citizens to give up their U.S Bonds therefore lowering the Federal Debt. Also the wealthy should be eliminated from the Social Security System. The second part needed for responsible Fiscal Policy is the generation of income. Our Governments main source of income is taxes and therefore some taxes must be raises to curb the deficit. Taxes on gasoline and cigarettes should be raised which would generate more Income and lower our nations dependence on them both. Also I believe that Marijuana should be legalized for personal use and taxed and regulated by the Government. The possible income from this method is large and also eliminates the criminal element, cutting cost in Law Enforcement and Imprisonment. A Letter To The President :: essays research papers Difficult Decisions Dear President Bush and Congress: I have written you to discuss our national budget and the inherent problems in our fiscal policy. Although I am not the best informed on this subject I think my opinions and ideas are relevant. I have several ideas for both raising more capital and lowering government expenditure. I believe action must be taken on both fronts to curb our national debt before it adversely affects our economy. I will first share my ideas on lowering government spending. First and foremost I believe we must lower defense spending and downsize our military. We have the most powerful military in the world and can afford some budget cuts without risking national security or global standing. We must also cut spending on the home front. I believe we should lower welfare payments and encourage people to find jobs instead of relying on the government. We should also give tax incentive to wealthy citizens to give up their U.S Bonds therefore lowering the Federal Debt. Also the wealthy should be eliminated from the Social Security System. The second part needed for responsible Fiscal Policy is the generation of income. Our Governments main source of income is taxes and therefore some taxes must be raises to curb the deficit. Taxes on gasoline and cigarettes should be raised which would generate more Income and lower our nations dependence on them both. Also I believe that Marijuana should be legalized for personal use and taxed and regulated by the Government. The possible income from this method is large and also eliminates the criminal element, cutting cost in Law Enforcement and Imprisonment.

All Children Can Learn and Most at High Levels

One of the founding principles of the Kentucky Education Reform Act is the statement that â€Å"All children can learn and most at high levels. † With many states having a significant achievement gap between diverse students, it is becoming more important to hold high expectations for all students. I believe that all children can learn and most at high levels. But my point is that not all the children can learn at high levels in the same field. As we know the student is the subject of education. Education aims to develope students' learning potential. But children from different environments have differences in their physiology, intelligence, ability, aptitude, interest, personality traits and emotional development. Therefore some children may gain a great success in music while some others may in math. If we can educate them according to their personalities and individual needs, most children can learn at high levels. American educator John Dewey (John Dewey ,1859-1952) has pointed out that there are plasticity and dependency in the process of one’s growth. This means that the development of a child has unlimited possibilities. The ancient Chinese educator, the Confucius put forward the idea that â€Å"No Child Left Behind† and † Teach students in accordance with their aptitude. † This can be regarded as the practice of the concept that â€Å"every child can learn and most at high levels†. Therefore, whether ancient or modern, Western or Eastern, educators all hold the same concept. We want children to be able to learn and success, the key is the teacher. A professional, high-quality and enthusiastic teacher will be a good fortune to the children. This is why personal development is a necessity to teachers. During these years of teaching I met a lot of challenges to confirm the special needs of children and develope their learning confidence. I always try my best to help each child and encourage them. To teach a student well needs the effort of all parties including parents, teachers and communities. As a home class teacher, I combine all the parties well to improve students' learning capacities and help them to form clear awareness of themselves. If the children in my class can tap all of their potentials, that will be a great success to me as a teacher. Nowadays, the competition is very fierce. Teachers have the obligation to educate their students to be more competitive in certain area in the society. We don’t have the right to give up any of the children. Today, we have to give up the child. Tomorrow, the child may give up the society. Society will pay a higher price.

Increase In Natural Disasters Health And Social Care Essay

Extreme conditions temperatures and increase in natural catastrophes in recent old ages have eventually made the policy shapers think seriously about â€Å" Climate alteration and Natural catastrophes † . The austere reappraisal and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ‘s 4th ( revised ) assessment study in 2008[ A ]had clearly stated that addition in natural catastrophes due to climate alteration will hold inauspicious affects on societal and economic sectors. The study which had declared that clime alteration will do addition in natural catastrophes in approaching old ages, has lived up to its anticipation. Harmonizing to UNISDR from twelvemonth 2008-2011 natural catastrophes have been responsible for economic amendss deserving 730 Billion USD, have adversely affected 843 million people and killed about 598,000 people around the universe. There has been an addition of more than 50 % in the figure of inundations in the last decennary in comparing to the 1990s a nd likewise the happening of entire natural catastrophes has besides increased over the last decennary. [ Mistake: Reference beginning non found ] The addition in both the strength and frequence of inundations over the last decennary has raised concerns within development bureaus, authoritiess and regional co-operations ; natural catastrophe direction has gained precedence among all stakeholders. In 2005 U.N created â€Å" The Hyogo Framework for Action †[ B ]; a planetary design for catastrophe hazard decrease attempts with a ten-year program, the model was adopted in January 2005 by 168 authoritiess at the U.N World Conference on Disaster Reduction. [ 2 ] Although all 168 states did accept the model in rule, nevertheless there has been small done to cut down nursery emanations or adapt catastrophe hazard decrease schemes across the board. Similarly in response to the December 2004 tsunami and the temblor of December 2005 in South Asia, a Particular Session of the SAARC Environment Ministers ( Male , 25 June 2005 ) adopted the Male Declaration on a corporate response to big scale natural catastrophes. A SAARC Disaster M anagement Centre ( SDMC ) was established in New Delhi in October 2006, the SDMC was created to supply policy advice and facilitate capacity constructing including strategic acquisition, research, preparation, system development, expertness publicity and exchange of information for effectual catastrophe hazard decrease and direction. [ 3 ] Policy devising has besides been activated at the province degree, for illustration the authorities of Queensland in Australia has taken enterprise on a province degree of making a policy model to cut down and undertake natural catastrophes. The model called the â€Å" Disaster Management Strategy Policy model † includes Research, Policy and Governance, Risk Assessment, Mitigation, Preparedness, Response, Relief and Recovery, Post-Disaster Assessment. [ 4 ] One might be of the sentiment that catastrophe events are probabilistic events and their happening can merely be calculated on a chance footing and there is no flight from their devastation. However it is of import to understand the effects of the happening and what can be done to assist the affected public overcome the catastrophe natural catastrophes cause. Research has shown despite the graduated table of the catastrophe, a combination of national and international policy can assist guard off disease and decease in states with functioning authoritiess. This literature reappraisal investigates old surveies conducted on the socio economic impact of inundations in context to Gender.The 2010 inundations in PakistanThe geological section of the Australian authorities defines inundations as â€Å" the covering of usually dry land by H2O that has escaped or been released from the normal confines of: any lake, or any river, brook or other natural watercourse, whether or non altered or mo dified ; or any reservoir, canal, or dike. † [ 4 ] Floods chiefly impact the human community either straight through contact with the H2O or indirectly through the harm the H2O does to the natural and human built environment. [ 5 ] â€Å" Localized inundations can hold a important impact on people ‘s physical and mental wellness. † [ 6 ] The 2010 monsoon inundations were one of the largest inundations in the history of Pakistan doing unprecedented harm and killing more than 1,700 people. The inundations affected over, 20 million people, inundated about one fifth of the state ‘s land and caused loss of one million millions of dollars through amendss to substructure, lodging, agribusiness and farm animal, and other household assets. [ 8 ] The World Bank and Asian Development Bank estimated that the implosion therapy had caused the economic system $ 9.7 billion in losingss. [ 9 ] Cases of malnutrition, stomach flu, diarrhoea, skin infections, cholera, enteric fever, malaria, and hepatitis were reported. Food monetary values dramatically increased after the implosion therapy, seting an economic strain on the full population. The southern state of Sindh was hit rather to a great extent by the inundations, it was reported that about Seven million people were affected by inundations in the state ; 1000s were trapped by inundation Waterss and had been in demand of aid. Our survey part the southern territory of Thatta was affected in a ruinous mode by the inundations, as the flow of the inundation Waterss touched 9,50,000 cusecs the lame butchs built to protect the territory ‘s public overflowed doing both Bankss of the Indus River to deluge doing tremendous sum of devastation. At the clip of deluging the province machinery which included both the provincial and federal authorities along with many international and national NGOs led the alleviation attempts and was able to avoid the happening of any larger calamity such as far dispersed hungriness or dearth. However in recent old ages uninterrupted Acts of the Apostless of terrorist act have kept the authorities preoccupied with affairs of public safety and security, this has diverted the authorities ‘s attending from institutional reform to affairs of ad-hoc nature. The presence of situational challenges has reduced province capacity to fruitfully supply basic services for which resources had already been lacking. This has limited authorities ‘s response to natural catastrophes largely to necessitate appraisal and immediate alleviation operations. The appraisals have typically focused on direct amendss of capital assets which includes figure of deceases and hurts, amendss to edifices and public substructure, loss of harvest and farm animal. Appraisals of catastrophe impacts on societal sectors such as wellness and instruction are besides limited to the measuring of amendss to school and infirmary edifices, the appraisals tend to disregard the long term affects on the wellness and instruction degrees of the affected public. Long term appraisals of societal sectors is critical even more so for a state similar Pakistan as it already struggles with low societal development indexs, ranking 145 out of 187[ C ]states in the Human Development Index and a Gender Development Index ( GDI ) ranking of 120 out of 146[ D ]states.Approachs to mensurate impact of natural catastrophesResearch workers across the universe have used diverse attacks to find the impact of inundations. In Pakistan the EU has antecedently employed the EMMA ( Emergency Market Mapping and Analysis ) , which is a rapid market analysis designed to be used in the short term wake of a sudden-onset crisis. A better apprehension of the most critical markets in an exig ency state of affairs enables determination shapers ( givers, NGOs, authorities, other human-centered histrions ) to see a broader scope of responses. The purpose of the attack is to estimate and understand the construction and operation of cardinal markets in the short term so that immediate recovery plans are in consistent to the on the land state of affairs. Although the research is utile in supplying immediate alleviation, nevertheless the attack does non take into consideration the long term effects of the catastrophe. [ 10 ] Similarly another attack which can assist givers aim their convalescence attempts is ECLAC, ECLAC ‘s methodological analysis is related to post catastrophe rating ; it focuses on rehabilitation and convalescence. It advocates utilizing a dynamic and sectoral position that enables the research workers to cipher future losingss derived by the devastation of productive constructions and forfeitures of concern chances and its middle/long term effects in different footings. The methodological analysis aims to enable its users to seek to specify if and which type of international cooperation the community affected demands. Although precise cognition of assorted sectoral amendss and losingss, present and future, suffered by the communities enables the catastrophe alleviation bureaus to put to death more specific rehabilitation undertakings, nevertheless use of a macro-perspective to estimate the amendss and provides losingss in pecuniary footings leaves out the impact on societal sect ors and chiefly focal points on economic costs. [ 11 ] In a Flood-site undertaking study on the Mulde River in Germany the research workers have taken the underside up perspective to analyse societal exposure posed by inundations. The methodological analysis seeks to categorise the fortunes that make an person or a community vulnerable and look into how some groups in these fortunes might be more vulnerable than others. The research workers who define societal exposure as â€Å" the features of a individual or group in footings of their capacity to expect, header with, resist, and recover from the impact of a natural jeopardy † chiefly concentrate on how communities and societal groups are able to cover with the impacts of a natural jeopardy. The attack provides valuable penetration into the kineticss of societal capital, but lacks item of sectoral appraisals. [ 12 ] Along with good targeted plans it is of import that recovery plans are sustainable. In Sudan, AIACC has employed a research method based upon the sustainable support conceptual model ; the research method aims to measure the public presentation of sustainable support and environmental direction steps. International Institute for Sustainable Development defines sustainable supports as being â€Å" concerned with people ‘s capacities to bring forth and keep their agencies of life, heighten their wellbeing, and that of future coevalss. Sustainable support appraisal is intended to bring forth an apprehension of the function and impact of a undertaking on heightening and procuring local people ‘s supports. It chiefly relies on a scope of informations aggregation methods, a combination of qualitative and quantitative informations indexs and, to changing grades, application of a sustainable supports model. The theoretical account focuses on five types of capital viz. ; natural, physical homo, societal and fiscal. The model employs the Livelihood Assessment Tracking ( LAST ) System to mensurate alterations in header and adaptative capacity. Quantitative and qualitative indexs are combined with the LAST system for its usage ; the LAST system is developed through creative activity of development indexs by the aid of the local community. [ 13 ] All the above mentioned models, even with their short-comings provide valuable inputs into the assessment methods of catastrophe impacts. However, the above discussed models which focus on immediate demands appraisal, macro-economic impacts, societal capital, and sustainable supports do non look to be gender sensitive and lack concentration on societal sectors in a gender sensitive mode. It has been clip and once more noted that adult females are most adversely affected by natural catastrophes. Sara-Bradshaw in her paper socio-economic impacts of natural catastrophes advocates the usage of a gender attack ; the paper states that the first measure to guaranting that the specific basic demands of adult females are addressed over the short and long term is to roll up informations broken by sex and age sections instantly after the happening of a catastrophe. This is of import because interrupting up of informations aids recognize the affects of the inundation on adult females in peculiar and aids in foregrounding the specific demands of the gender. For illustration in many instances in a Muslim state adult females might choose non to see a male physician, therefore if the research workers have the figure of adult females who need medical attending they can set up female physicians consequently. [ 14 ]Gender Aspects of Natural Disasters InternationalEnarson et al 1998, Fordham 1998, Morrow 1999 and Tapsell et al 2000 are of the position that inundations and other catastrophes can impact upon work forces and adult females in different and distinguishable ways. Similarly â€Å" It is believed that work forces and adult females will be faced with different exposures to climate alteration impacts due to bing inequalities such as, their function and place in society, entree to resources and power dealingss that may impact the ability to react to the effects of clime alteration † ( WEDO 2007 ; Commission on the Status of Women 2008 ; Carvajal et Al 2008 ; Bridge, 2 008 ) . [ 15 ] [ 16 ] [ 17 ] [ 18 ] [ 19 ] It is a basic fact that bulk of the adult females in developing states and peculiarly in the South Asiatic part are at a disadvantage when compared to their male opposite numbers. International Literature such as Tapsell et al 2003 illustrates that adult females suffer markedly more than work forces at the worst clip of deluging. Research has shown that due to socially constructed functions and duties, adult females seem to bear the most loads ensuing from clime variableness impacts. Due to the traditional gender functions in many developing states, it is seen that adult females are in charge of the house and responsible for family demands such as cookery, rinsing, hygiene, kids and raising little farm animal. Children, in peculiar misss portion these duties. In Africa, adult females do 90 % of the work of roll uping H2O and wood, for the family and nutrient readying. It is noted that adult females have to work excess work loads when faced with natural calamities as they try to pull off their mundane undertakings during an exigency state of affairs. [ 20 ] [ 21 ] Qualitative research suggests that this is because adult females have the chief duty for, and like ly, a greater emotional investing in the place than work forces. They besides normally have the cardinal duty for the attention of kids and the aged in the place, for illustration even in a station inundation state of affairs it is the cardinal duty of the adult female for acquiring the place back to normal after the inundation. [ 22 ] In many developing states and particularly in the south Asiatic part, nutrient hierarchies favor male nutritionary demands and frequently adult females nutrition and wellness demands are ignored. In Bangladesh it has been reported that â€Å" Give the already unstable nutritionary province of big Numberss of misss and adult females in BangladeshaˆÂ ¦any farther addition in favoritism would hold serious effects. † In hapless families, throughout the universe, adult females go without nutrient for the benefit of their kids or male household members. [ 30 ] [ 31 ] Furthermore an ADB study in 2001 found that in Bangladesh of the 20-30 % female headed families, 95 % are populating below poorness line. Even in developed states such as the U.K, lone parent and individual pensionary households-the bulk of which are female headed are most likely to be populating in poorness. It is noted that in some cases force per unit area on households has been so terrible that there have been studies of kids being offered for domestic employment, and of female kids being sold. The grounds informs us that adult females headed families already tend to hold limited economic resources and therefore a natural catastrophe can hold a greater impact on their supports in comparing to others. Other than the over-all poorness rates, wellness and instruction are two sectors where adult females in the part still lag behind work forces. The hapless nutritionary position of adult females makes them more susceptible to disease infection, peculiarly in developing states where there is small societal proviso and limited or no entree to proper medical attention. Poor nutrition besides makes adult females more vulnerable to catastrophes, and makes the physically strenuous undertakings of H2O and fuel aggregation more hard. Research in India has found that misss ‘ nutrition suffers most during periods of low ingestion and lifting nutrient monetary values, which is common during catastrophe state of affairss [ 36 ] [ 37 ] . Fewtrell and Kay ( 2006 ) provide grounds of inundations doing Bacterial, fungal, respiratory disease, and GI infection along with otalgia and skin roseolas among others. It is widely acknowledged in wellness research that some groups, such as adult females ( particularly pregnant adult females ) , the immature, the aged and immune compromised people are more vulnerable to wellness impacts ( particularly infection ) than other people ( e.g. Flynn and Nelson, 1998 ; White et al. , 2002 ; WHO 2004 ) . [ 28 ] Furthermore inundations can besides hold an impact on the mental wellness of the affectees. It has been suggested that adult females may endure more mental strain in certain state of affairss, due to cultural norms. Womans in hapless wellness prior to the inundation are more likely to see the implosion therapy as traumatic. When whole households move to urban slums or alleviation cantonments the adult females face challenges accommodating to the new environment. Problems include to rment, deficiency of security, undependable H2O supplies which increases their work load, and gender insensitive conditions such as deficiency of privateness besides have a tolling consequence. Long journeys to the alleviation cantonments can do both physical and mental emphasiss when coupled with experiences of sexual torment on these journeys. Women ‘s ‘ dramatically expanded attention giving functions following a catastrophe, and seting household demands before their ain, may explicate overall diminution in emotional well being. [ 29 ]Gender Aspects of Natural Disasters PakistanThe international literature on adult females in relation to climate alteration clearly highlights the terrible exposure and inauspicious exposure natural catastrophes pose to adult females in peculiar. Similarly research surveies have been conducted by different development organisations to estimate the impact of the terrible inundations that hit Pakistan late. The research consequences are in line with international research literature. As Pakistani adult females peculiarly tend to chiefly hold generative and domestic functions in the families and are hardly seeable in the public domains, peculiarly in rural countries, these features make manner for a greater impact on their socio-economic conditions from natural catastrophes. The bing state of affairs of adult females in Pakistan can non be to the full valued without an apprehension of the ways in which faith, civilization and traditions have organized societal dealingss and fractured society along category, racial, cultural and gender lines. Pakistan hence, presents a typical state of affairs from a socio-economic position. In Pakistan Men and male childs are given more weightage over the household resources in comparing to adult females and misss. A study conducted by OCHA as a Needs Assessment survey on the 2011 inundations in Sindh found that 37 % of families had reduced or skipped nutrient consumption ; pattern ad opted by adult females and misss in the family to run into the ration demands, which is similar to findings mentioned earlier from Bangladesh. [ 32 ] Nazish brohi et Al have analyzed emerging tendencies and informations, trusting chiefly on the Gender Needs Assessment ( GNA ) , the Multiaˆ?cluster Rapid Assessment Mechanism ( McRAM ) , instance surveies and emerging secondary information. Their survey includes instance surveies based on the assorted experiences of adult females to inundations. The adult females respondents in the survey have insisted that they had no anterior information about the inundations and many were taken back by surprise. The surprisingness of the inundations magnified its impact and besides increased the exposure of the inundation victims. The survey present penetrations into the experiences of adult females through instance surveies, for illustration â€Å" in Mianwali, a 30 twelvemonth old adult female, Jawwahi, rushed out with her household in waist high H2O and saw her house crumble before her ; in Charsadda, adult females awoke to calls and found H2O hotfooting into their houses † . Simila rly the survey besides illustrates how adult females hygiene had been affected due to inundations. For illustration in Kalabagh territory, â€Å" Baghat Bibi, a 60 twelvemonth old adult female with her three girls and three girls in jurisprudence visited the river every few yearss and submerged themselves ‘ in the H2O to clean themselves and their apparels, and so dry themselves while have oning the same apparels – it is reported that the they had been making it for over three hebdomads † . As adult females in rural countries are non used to traveling approximately in public infinites other than their small towns ‘ ; misss and adult females are frequently embarrassed to be seen accessing toilets and therefore do so during twilight or early forenoon. Such overpowering fortunes coupled with instances of torment can hold profound impacts on mental wellness. [ 35 ] The Preliminary Gender Needs Assessment study by UNIFEM[ E ]studies that the adult females were under terrible emphasis as the desolation caused by the inundations destroyed their limited assets, worsened their personal security state of affairs, and changed their duties as they were forced to react to exigency conditions. The study stresses upon the fact that even though adult females ‘s wellness is critical to the wellbeing of their households, after catastrophes, traditionally as health professionals, they tend to put their demands last. It besides affirms that in certain states, cultural norms such as ‘purdah ‘ bound adult females from being able to show their demands, to boot adult females besides tend to hold a opportunity of traveling unnoticed in the compensation procedure as their economic parts are normally unobserved. Similarly the adult females interviewed by IDMC in Sindh alleged that entree to income-earning chances has been their biggest challenge and a major concern for adult females caputs of family. The slow gait of recovery from the extended harm the inundations caused to the agricultural sector was expected to hold a major impact on adult females ‘s employment. Women besides lacked the certification to turn out their belongings rights. As a consequence, widows and adult females caputs of family interviewed by IDMC reported great trouble in claiming heritages, land and ownerships left at place when they fled. [ 23 ] A March 2011 study by the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs ( OCHA ) found that internally displaced adult females and misss across the state could non venture out to have exigency nutrient assistance without being threatened for go againsting solitude. [ 24 ] Women complained that most wellness services available in the wake of the inundations concentrated on primary wellness attention with small specialised focal point on generative wellness for adult females. [ 25 ] A 2010 appraisal by the UN Development Fund for Women ( UNIFEM ) quoted adult females as describing sexual torment in inundation supplanting cantonments where different folks, households and small towns were placed together. [ 26 ] Hence it is indispensable that research workers while measuring the effects of inundation take both long term and short term wellness impacts into history. It is of import for the research survey to depict the characteristic impacts of inundations on wellness results, depict the factors that influence human wellness as a consequence of inundations, depict the direct wellness impacts of inundations and develop a conceptual model to assistance in the direction and rating of inundation related wellness direction. The literacy rates of adult females in developing states are much lower than their male opposite numbers. A survey by UNICEF in the wake of the 2010 inundations showed that there are gender disparities in supply side factors in Sindh including handiness of schools for misss and male childs. Pre flood establishment interrupt up by gender, degree and sector shows that at the primary degree there are 60 % assorted schools in the populace sector and 42 % assorted schools at the in-between degree. At the primary degree parents are more comfy with directing their miss kid to blend school ; nevertheless there is reluctance when it comes to middle school when the miss attains pubescence, the dropout rates are besides highest at that point and bulk of the dropouts occur when misss move from primary to middle degree. Similarly the survey provides grounds of gender disparities bing in Thatta ; the survey demonstrates the tendencies in pre and station inundation state of affairss in primary regi stration. [ 38 ] Lack of entree to instruction is n't ever related to scarceness of schools nevertheless the inaccessibility of this supply side factor can play a major function in diminishing entree to education along with the inaccessibility of female instructors every bit good. Economic costs, societal traditions, and spiritual and cultural beliefs besides limit misss ‘ educational chances peculiarly when it comes to middle and high degree schooling. As these societal development indexs become worse due to the affects of clime alteration it is of import for the governments to non merely mensurate them but besides address them with sustainable development plans. Given that work forces and adult females in the survey country are destitute with dependence on agribusiness and natural resources for their supports, natural catastrophes pose a high hazard for them. As apparent by the literature reviewed exposure seems to be higher for adult females as they do non hold alternate agencies of employment and most of all employed adult females in the survey country are employed by the agribusiness sector. More and more research workers have concluded that it is of import to choose for a gendered analysis when researching on inundation impacts, Sarah Bradshaw in her survey Socio-economic impacts of natural catastrophes: a gender analysis states â€Å" The first measure towards guaranting that the specific basic demands of adult females are addressed over the short and long term is to roll up informations broken down by sex and age section instantly after a catastrophe. † The interrupting up of informations helps research workers understand adult females specific demands better, which in bend can assist policy shapers design and implement adult females specific schemes and plans. [ 27 ] Even though the grounds provided above from both international and local research literature clearly advocates the instance for greater exposure of adult females from natural catastrophes ; non much has been done to measure the station catastrophe impact of inundations on adult females. Research surveies have remained limited to rapid appraisals or demand appraisals, station catastrophe impact have non been concentrated upon. In order to plan long term sustainable gender sensitive recovery plans it is important to understand the station catastrophe impact of inundations on adult females, maintaining this in head the present survey â€Å" Social-Economic Impact of Flood in District Thatta: A Gendered Analysis † is a pioneering work in Pakistan in which SPDC ‘s research workers have gone a measure in front from other surveies and have tried to measure the station catastrophe impact of one of the worst inundations of the century. Furthermore, research has shown that despite obstructions faced by adult females, they are already developing effectual header schemes which include accommodating their agriculture patterns. Literature such as ( WEDO, 2003 ; Gurung et al. , 2006 ; Mitchell et al. , 2007 ) pointed out that adult females are really knowing and experient with respects to get bying with clime related impacts. They are cognizant of their demands and are really advanced in the face of alteration. Communities on the frontline in accommodating to the effects of natural catastrophes need but so far frequently lack, equal information about clime alteration and version schemes. Due to the adult females ‘s lower literacy degrees in many parts, and other barriers to accessing information, such as civilization, it is critical that adult females ‘s demands are addressed in attempts to supply necessary information. [ 43 ] Ariyabandu and Wickramasighe ( 2005:26 ) suggest that although adult females are frequently more vulnerable to catastrophes than work forces ( owing to conventional gender duties and dealingss ) nevertheless they are non merely incapacitated victims as frequently represented. Womans have valuable cognition and experience in get bying with catastrophes. Yet these strengths and capablenesss of adult females are frequently ignored in policy determinations and in extenuation, thereby, leting these valuable resources to travel to waste and sometimes making dependence state of affairss. Ignorance of gender differences in the yesteryear has led to insensitive and uneffective alleviation operations that have non been able to aim adult females ‘s demands and their possible to help in extenuation and alleviation work. [ 44 ] Hence this research is besides of import because non all is glooming, as international research has suggested that in developing states already sing negative effects of clime alteration, adult females have been identified as peculiarly adaptative and advanced, hence the current research survey shall play a valuable function in doing policy shapers better understand the long term issues of Pakistani adult females in peculiar and place their strengths and failings. Taking the above into consideration, SPDC has designed a gender sensitive research survey to find the impact of the 2010 inundation of Thatta. A gender sensitive primary study is critical in assisting place Gender spreads, therefore SPDC research workers created separate questionnaires for work forces and adult females. The survey helps understand the differences in the socio-economic impact of the inundation on adult females, work forces, misss and male childs. This includes garnering gender sensitive informations on the sectors of instruction, wellness, economic, flood header capableness and the overall impact of the inundation. In order to measure and measure the consequence of inundation on the family public assistance and behaviour, the survey collects single and household information from both male and female respondents individually, doing usage of gender sensitive attacks which in the yesteryear have been limited to demands appraisals or rapid assessment surveies.

Microsoft Case essays

Microsoft Case essays Judges Findings 7 This report attempts to outline some of the underlying principles that are relevant in the Microsoft Anti-Trust Case, in which the United States Department of Justice as well as 19 other US States has attempted legal action against the Microsoft Company in view of Microsofts anti-competitive behaviour. This report includes: Claims from both Microsoft and the Department of Justice and economic findings and arguments that are relevant to principles of network economies, specifically those arguments surrounding the controversy behind the web-browser battle. On the 18th May 1999, The anti-trust division of The US department of Justice (DOJ), followed by several US States, filed their second lawsuit against IT firm Microsoft Corp. This lawsuit accused the software giant of monopolising the market for PC operating systems and leveraging this monopoly power in markets for complimentary goods, including the market for its web-browser Internet Explorer and as a result ultimately hurting the market of which it operates. The three main types of allegations from the Department of Justice included: 1. Monopolization of the market for operating systems for PCs 2. Anti-competitive bundling of Internet Explorer with the Windows operating system. 3. Anti-competitive contractual arrangements with various vendors of related goods. (www.stern.nyu.edu/networks/ms/old.html) Regardless of final outcome, the effects of The US vs. Microsoft have been tagged as being an incredibly important event in the modelling of the information revolution. The results of such a lawsuit will no doubt affect how the industry is managed in the future, and will define the value of Microsoft and the computer industrys rules of competition for years to come. The main attention of the Microsoft Case seems to be heavily based towards the battle of ...

Moments - Definition of Statistics Terms

Moments - Definition of Statistics Terms Moments in mathematical statistics involve a basic calculation.  These calculations can be used to find a probability distributions mean, variance, and skewness. Suppose that we have a set of data with a total of n discrete points. One important calculation, which is actually several numbers, is called the sth moment. The sth moment of the data set with values x1, x2, x3, ... , xn is given by the formula: (x1s x2s x3s ... xns)/n Using this formula requires us to be careful with our order of operations. We need to do the exponents first, add, then divide this sum by n the total number of data values. A Note on the Term Moment The term moment has been taken from physics. In physics, the moment of a system of point masses is calculated with a formula identical to that above, and this formula is used in finding the center of mass of the points. In statistics, the values are no longer masses, but as we will see, moments in statistics still measure something relative to the center of the values.​ First Moment For the first moment, we set s 1. The formula for the first moment is thus: (x1x2 x3 ... xn)/n This is identical to the formula for the sample mean. The first moment of the values 1, 3, 6, 10 is (1 3 6 10) / 4 20/4 5. Second Moment For the second moment we set s 2. The formula for the second moment is: (x12 x22 x32 ... xn2)/n The second moment of the values 1, 3, 6, 10 is (12 32 62 102) / 4 (1 9 36 100)/4 146/4 36.5. Third Moment For the third moment we set s 3. The formula for the third moment is: (x13 x23 x33 ... xn3)/n The third moment of the values 1, 3, 6, 10 is (13 33 63 103) / 4 (1 27 216 1000)/4 1244/4 311. Higher moments can be calculated in a similar way. Just replace s in the above formula with the number denoting the desired moment. Moments About the Mean A related idea is that of the sth moment about the mean. In this calculation we perform the following steps: First, calculate the mean of the values.Next, subtract this mean from each value.Then raise each of these differences to the sth power.Now add the numbers from step #3 together.Finally, divide this sum by the number of values we started with. The formula for the sth moment about the mean m of the values values x1, x2, x3, ..., xn is given by: ms ((x1 - m)s (x2 - m)s (x3 - m)s ... (xn - m)s)/n First Moment About the Mean The first moment about the mean is always equal to zero, no matter what the data set is that we are working with. This can be seen in the following: m1 ((x1 - m) (x2 - m) (x3 - m) ... (xn - m))/n ((x1 x2 x3 ... xn) - nm)/n m - m 0. Second Moment About the Mean The second moment about the mean is obtained from the above formula by settings 2: m2 ((x1 - m)2 (x2 - m)2 (x3 - m)2 ... (xn - m)2)/n This formula is equivalent to that for the sample variance. For example, consider the set 1, 3, 6, 10. We have already calculated the mean of this set to be 5. Subtract this from each of the data values to obtain differences of: 1 – 5 -43 – 5 -26 – 5 110 – 5 5 We square each of these values and add them together: (-4)2 (-2)2 12 52 16 4 1 25 46. Finally divide this number by the number of data points: 46/4 11.5 Applications of Moments As mentioned above, the first moment is the mean and the second moment about the mean is the sample variance. Karl Pearson introduced the use of the third moment about the mean in calculating skewness and the fourth moment about the mean in the calculation of kurtosis.

Increase Your Traffic + Get Better Results With This Content Distribution Strategy Template

Increase Your Traffic + Get Better Results With This Content Distribution Strategy Template If youve been working on search engine optimization  or any form of promotion for your content, you might have come across the term â€Å"content distribution†. You’ve just spent loads of time and money to produce an amazing whitepaper, video, or other content types†¦ Now, it’s a waiting game as all those readers come rushing in to read your amazing content piece, right? If only it were that easy. Just because you’ve finished the content, doesn’t mean you’re done. In some ways, the hard work is just beginning. Now you’ve got to promote it, and in a world where there are 4 million blog posts published on the Internet every single day, your content distribution strategy has to be on point. This post breaks down the best ways to promote your content, how to create a distribution strategy, and why its so important to your marketing. Recommended Reading: How to Write White Papers People Actually Want to Read (Free Template) The Best eBook Template to Generate More Subscribers (+ Easy eBook Ideas) Download This Content Distribution Template But first, check out this content distribution template. You’ll find an easy-to-follow template to track your entire content distribution strategy from start to finish. It’s also easily customizable for each of your projects to make sure that you’re promoting each content item in the best way. What is Content Distribution? While it's a term thrown around in numerous marketing circles, it can have numerous meanings. As distribution has become more important to the success of content today, it’s important to understand the nuts and bolts of content distribution as a term. Content distribution  is the act of promoting content through any means by companies and brands to provide content to its targeted audience. It breaks down into three different areas, owned channels, earned channels and paid content. These three channels provide the fundamentals of how you distribute the content appropriately. Owned Channels These channels are the foundation of your entire online presence. It's any medium that you create and control. Common examples would be your website or an app you've developed. But these days, your social media page, your blog, or even a YouTube page, are all classed as owned channels. Without sufficient content on your own channels, your brand is not able to build, which can limit your ability to convert customers. To make the most of your own channels, you can break your techniques down into three individual components. The content:  Content is key to your entire operation, and the distribution of content can include blogs, e-books, infographics, as well as videos. Videos have been vital in improving promotion, especially search engine optimization, as videos generate a 41% higher click-through rate  than plain text. Posting and sharing of information:  The bread and butter of engaging with potential and existing customers. By posting information and sharing it via social media platforms, you can build a following and tempt new custom in. This helps to direct traffic to your website as well as using social media to get your content to a broader audience. Marketing via email:  While social media is a great way to engage with your customers, email marketing is a great way to make the most of your existing contacts and to convert them onto your latest products. Earned Channels Earned channels are essentially the equivalent of word of mouth. If the content that you post on your owned media is picked up by third-party sites, this results in organic search engine rankings. The most significant driving forces behind earned media boil down to two things: Search engine ranking:  The rankings can be determined by numerous components, but primarily it's about a good SEO strategy. Search engine optimization  is such an evolving beast that to make earned media shareable by third parties, the content working in conjunction with ranking on the first page are the two components that need to be in tandem with each other. The content distributed by the brand:  no matter how you dress it up, the content has to be good enough to warrant mentions, reposts, recommendations, and shares. Paid Channels The paid channels refer to the external marketing approaches that, as you would suspect, results from a paid placement. It can be argued that paid media appears to be unnecessary, especially in comparison to earned and owned channels, but this third aspect works with the other two channels to help a business grow significantly. Ultimately, paid media is one of the best and quickest ways to get traffic. Think of a stagnating business that's not able to establish its brand. By investing in paid media to display content across social networks, you are getting exposure in a way that would not happen if you were to go through organic methods. For example, a promoted post may very well be a new customer’s first experience of your brand. This results in increased traffic and this traffic can be easier to track than other organic methods. As social media can provide appropriate statistics on the leads or clicks your page content gets, this can give you instantaneous feedback as to whether this method is working for you. And as the three most prominent areas of paid media are branded content, display ads, and PPC  advertising, it's likely you are already making headway through the paid channels anyway. But by using paid channels in conjunction with earned and owned channels, you are supporting your brand with that all-important trifecta of content distribution. Why Content Distribution is Important Content and its success is all about planning and preparation. You could argue that it's about the type of content you create, but content distribution and great content are two sides to the same coin. Recently, 56% of marketers  stated they outsource one part of their marketing strategies, which has resulted in an increased need for help in content creation. And as 78% of marketers have reported that their business has improved due to better content creation, this shows that enhancing the content through these three channels has improved marketing in numerous ways. To improve your marketing capabilities, you cannot rely on one aspect of your content distribution. Breaking it down into these three essential components, and following them to the letter, will result in a brand that is evenly distributed. Content is king, and as content distribution becomes highlighted as one of the biggest marketing opportunities that brands don't utilize, harnessing these three different areas can push a struggling business into more prominent quarters. Many brands may make the most of one or two areas of this trifecta, but, if you recognize that you're not making the most of all of them, this will soon become apparent. So many brands make the most of PPC or plunge their efforts into search engine optimization, but to be competitive and to maintain an edge, content distribution is the missing ingredient. For those brands looking to improve their strategies, looking to keep on top of trends, and make the most of marketing tools, ensure your content distribution is at the forefront of your marketing strategy. How to create a #content distribution strategy with a free template.How to Create a Content Distribution Strategy Step-by-Step Providing relevant content at the right time to the people who need it is an integral part of digital marketing, but it won’t happen by accident. To achieve an effective content distribution, you need to follow a step-by-step strategy. List Your Target Distribution Channels Your target distribution channels are the sites, organizations or entities from which you disseminate content. Content marketing distribution channels may include social networks, your website, a partner blog, a podcast or some other digital medium. Before you begin your content distribution strategy, therefore, it’s worth writing down a list of all the ways you’ll distribute your content with a brief justification for why. Guest Posts on External Websites Guest posts on external websites have two functions: to promote your content  to a new audience and to create links to your site for SEO purposes. These articles can introduce your content to people who wouldn’t ordinarily see it and who might benefit from it in the future. Before posting on external sites, think about whether they attract visitors who could benefit from your product. Here’s an example of a guest post on Convince Convert by . Another strategy for guest posting is to reach out to bloggers of articles that already exist on your target keywords. You can ask the author to add a section about your tool/product with a link back to your website. Online Communities Online communities are any place on the web where people gather to interact. Distributing content through these channels (Facebook groups, LinkedIn groups, Reddit, forums, etc.) can be effective because communities naturally generate interest and engagement. Ideally, you want to create shareable and â€Å"commentable† content that produces a buzz. Be careful with this tactic however, you want to genuinely helpful and not promotional. Here’s an example of a discussion on Reddit regarding Facebook advertising. This would be a good opportunity to link to a content piece from your blog that helps solve the poster’s problem. External Podcasts External podcasts  can be an excellent vehicle for distributing content to a new audience. Many media firms, like the BBC and the Wall Street Journal, give space to businesses on their podcasts to speak about what they do. This example is from the Wall Street Journal is inspired by the popular column which commuters can turn to for insights on business, the economy, markets, and politics. The content on podcasts is usually newsworthy and topical. It can be a great way to increase brand awareness and reach new audiences that are not aware of your product or service. Internal Blog Posts Blog posts on your own site are an opportunity to tell your audience more about yourself and provide them with real value. Coca-Cola  - the world’s premier soft drinks brand - has one of the top company blogs in the world. It talks about its approach to corporate responsibility, its plans to make the business more sustainable, and how the company operates internally. The blog is a great tool to get readers engaged in content and up-to-date with trends. Internal Videos Internal videos are videos that companies make for the benefit of their colleagues. Although most businesses focus on external videos - or those that are customer-facing - internal videos can have tremendous value for training and teaching staff about the company values. Walmart  has been using internal videos to distribute content for many years to teach new hires about the importance of warehouse safety and correct lifting techniques. Webinars Webinars  are interactive online seminars where a company imparts information and then invites guests to ask questions and give feedback. ARK Invest  is an investment broker with a focus on future technology. The firm hosts monthly webinars where it explains to customers why it is investing in certain sectors (like robotics or genetics) and how they think the market will adjust to new technological changes in the future. Investors can then ask questions about why the firm is investing their money in a particular way. Demos Demos of how a product works are a great way to get information across to customers. Although demos are usually explicitly promotional, this doesn't mean that they can't be used to educate customers about the powerful benefits of a new product. In 2018, Google demoed  its new product, Duplex, which is an AI voice bot that can conduct basic conversations on a user’s behalf (for instance, book a table at a restaurant). At Google I/O 2018, the company demonstrated the product live, showcasing it’s audience the benefits directly. Infographics Infographics  use a combination of pictures and text to convey information or statistics readably. Supply Spy, a firm that helps users research Amazon products, has an infographic which breaks down the complicated topic of Amazon seller fees into manageable chunks, helping to make the subject more approachable. Guides Shopify is a platform which provides a range of utilities to budding online retailers, such as website design and payment facilities. Setting up an online store can be a complicated business, so Shopify provides guides  for all sorts of things, such as how to sell on eBay, small business marketing on Twitter, selling products on Amazon, and how to grow an e-commerce business with email marketing. Social Media Channels Pizza Hut  is one of the most interesting examples of a company that uses social media distribution effectively. Rather than use its Twitter feed to advertise money-off coupons (which seems to be the default position of many other pizza chains), it uses social media to celebrate the product that it sells. By doing this, it creates much more engaging, likable and sharable content and video. Email Email marketing has the highest ROI of any form of digital marketing, according to  Litmus Software. Many companies use email to distribute special offers and deals tailored to their customers, but the most successful email campaigns tend to be those that communicate genuinely exciting information. Evans Cycles, a cycling firm based in the UK, sends customers a combination of special offers and informational videos on how to look after their bicycles. Ebook Ebooks are in-depth resources that companies can provide their customers to cement their authority in a particular field. Ebooks demonstrate to customers that a business has substantial expertise, making them a preferred source of reliable information. Deloitte  is a professional services company that provides tax advice, management consultancy and strategy advice to firms all over the world. Its work is detailed, so it often uses ebooks to complement the work that it does with firms. The company’s clients can get bespoke advice direct from consultants and then refer to ebooks if they need a refresher once consulting is finished. A Better Way to Plan Your Content Distribution Strategy Sure the content distribution tracking spreadsheet included in this blog will do the job†¦ But, let’s be honest, the last thing most marketing managers need is another spreadsheet to add to their ever-growing list. The good news is, there’s a better way. Your entire team can collaborate, plan and execute their content distribution strategy with . No spreadsheets, no manual updating, no status updates. Just one amazing hub to plan it all. Here’s how it works: To start, add a new marketing project in by clicking the plus sign on your project kickoff date. Then choose the option entitled â€Å"marketing campaign† on the list. Next, add each individual content promotion and distribution item to your marketing campaign. Once you’ve added all the individual content distribution tactics, you’ll see a visualization of every element on your calendar. Everyone on your team will know exactly what is going live and when, and their tasks for each tactic. Goal Setting Goal setting is an essential aspect of your overall content distribution strategy, whether you’re trying to reach people through social media tools, external blogs, your website. But how do you set effective content distribution goals? Decide on The Nature of Your Goals Some organizations create content for the sake of creating content, thinking that it will put them at an advantage. But any experienced digital marketer worth their salt will tell you that the only way to drive things forward is to make sure that you're clear on why you’re distributing content in the first place. You may want to distribute content for the following reasons: Generate more leads Increase your conversion rate Improve awareness of your brand Increase customer retention To educate your audience Get more traffic to your website The content distribution strategy you choose will depend on your overall goals. A plan designed to improve awareness of your brand will be very different from one that hopes to increase customer retention or upsell customers on various products. Some businesses  try to be smart and align content with multiple goals, hoping to kill many birds with one stone. Companies create content that they expect will improve their ranking in search engines, generate a buzz on social media, increase awareness of their brand and boost leads. But trying to tick all the boxes rarely works and you may find that your content is less useful in certain channels than it would be had you stuck to a specific strategy. For example, you might create a wordy blog to help you rank for specific keywords in Google search.

The Cliff Dwellings of the Anasazi Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Cliff Dwellings of the Anasazi - Essay Example However, regardless of the taxonomical ways in which current scholars debate the issue, the fact of the matter remains that a thriving civilization once existed in the Four Corners region and regardless of how it is called or classified, exhibited many of the same indicators that are currently attributed to the Anasazi people. As a function of better understanding this level of classification, this brief essay will seek to introduce the known facts, briefly discuss some myths and stories that exist with relation to these people, and settle upon a preliminary understanding of whether or not such a people group existed. One particular fascinating aspect of the myth and reality that has defined a further understanding of the Anasazi people is the evidence that archeologists and historians have recently uncovered with relation to the complex network of road systems that seemingly were built during this particular period of civilization within the Americas. The road system has long been discussed as part of Pueblo mythology and was not believed to actually exist (Kloor 22). However, due to recent studies and archeological research it has been proven that the road system does indeed exist. The root reason for this road system is still a topic of dispute due to the fact that many scholars believe and argue that the road system was economic in origin; as with almost all road construction that has taken place since the dawn of time. However, others indicate that the road system may have had the purpose of providing a way for the lost souls of ancestors to find their way back and forth between ceremonial c elebrations and other important events (Anasazi Culture 1). Although the debate is ongoing, there is a level of evidence from current Pueblo mythology that lends the most credence to the secondary interpretation alongside the fact that the true nature and level of development of the Anasazi economy are not known to a well enough degree to indicate that such an

Advanced Entrepreneurship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Advanced Entrepreneurship - Essay Example It is also aimed at providing the strategy of the company Triangle Solutions to get ideas implemented internally or at describing the reasons why a product idea should be spun off into a new subsidiary company owned by a business organisation. This paper finally describes most suitable ownership types for small businesses, like retail electronics, software developer, and advertising. Assignment 1: Triangle Solutions is one of the most reputated computer producing companies in the world. It is an American company, headquartered at New York. It sells different types of computers, from desktops to laptops and palmtops. These products have large national and international markets and the products have significant reputation in these markets. The industry and market size: In modern times the industry of computers are highly competitive as numerous companies are producing and manufacturing computer products. Desktops, laptops, palmtops, and mobile computers are highly demanding and the ind ustries for these products are experiencing rapid growth. This industry produces computers, computer related products like printers, home electronic and communication equipments. Triangle Solutions produce these products for commercial as well as military purposes. Triangle Solutions also sells disk drives, wireless telephones, consumer electronics for commercial purposes in the industry and â€Å"smart† bombs, electronic navigation equipment for military purposes. But recently the company has launched a new product, a mobile phone that has the features of both computers and phone, but has triple sim card facilities and has expandable memory and a super-specialty 6 mega-pixel camera. This product will attract the modern generation as well as it will facilitate professional mobile users. The market for this product is large, not only domestically, but also internationally. The company is expecting to acquire atleast 40% of the global market for mobile and computer products by the end of 2014 with the introduction of this new product. The company is expecting that the product will reduce the effort of mobile users to use Internet facilities on their mobile phones and also the facility provided by the product of Triangle Solutions in terms of using three different phone numbers in a single phone that has so many additional facilities will attract large number of mobile phone users across the world (Computer and Electronic Product Manufacturing, n.d., pp. 53-54). Team requirements: To introduce the new product in the market the company has employed large and efficient team of people which are not only experts in developing the technologies and softwares which are needed for the making of this new product, but also the company employed best people for marketing and sales of the product. The company has also employed analytical team-members for the purpose of business analysis and market analysis of the new product. The team that has been employed for the pur pose of the business development of the product is highly experienced and they have put lot of effort in developing the market for the new product and also for increasing the market size of the product. The company has employed best engineers from all over the world from best engineering schools of the world to build up the new technology for the product and different trial uses of the new mobile phone has resulted in highly satisfactory comments from different consumers of that trial uses. The trial use strategy has been a remarkable marketing strategy that has been applied in selected shopping mall in New York. People have been allowed to use the product and comment on the advantages and disadvantages of using the product. This marketing

Question and answer WHO millennium developement goals Research Paper

Question and answer WHO millennium developement goals - Research Paper Example This will be achieved by reducing the number of people living below $1.25 dollars a day. The United Nations defines poverty as the situation where a person survives in less than one dollar in a day. This reduction will automatically translate to the reduction of the poverty gap among the people. Also, it targets at reducing the share of the poorest quintile in the national consumption. In the second objective, countries hope to achieve decent employment for women, men and the young people. This target is possible through increasingly employment rate of people, improving GDP Growth per every employed person, as well as increasing the proportion of family members who are actively employed. The final target is reducing by half the proportion of people suffering from hunger and hunger related conditions. The goal purposes at raising the prevalence of underweight children aged five years and below and the proportion of the population below minimum dietary levels required in energy consump tion. The goal was an ambitious plan for the entire world. Many people are suffering from hunger and poverty especially in the developing countries (Allam & Cleeve, 2004). While all nations pledged to implement this goal, the realities of achieving it remaining a pipe dream for many countries. The African and the Latin American countries are the most affected. Their progress of eradicating poverty is far from being real. According to Ogujiuba & Jumare (2012) many people in Africa die from hunger and poverty. The developed nations however portray a different scenario from the developing countries. Countries such as the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia among others are close to achieving this goal. To these countries, this goal is attainable. On the other hand, most of the countries of Africa and especially those of the Sub-Saharan Africa suffer from hunger. Even to this day, a year to 2015, they still rely on food relief provided by

Family History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Family History - Essay Example I contacted our local church first to look for my Baptism details. There it was. The church had records of my Baptism before 18 years along with my parents name and grandparent’s name. Digging deeper, I found out my parents got married in the same Church where I was baptised, five years before my birth. Their marriage registration details gave me the name and address of my grandparents Jacob Schoff and Linda Schoff. My mother was the daughter of Claude Bourgeois and Michele Bourgeois. With the address I collected from the church I visited Pennsylvania where my father’s grand parents lived long ago. Getting in touch with the area Church, I was able to get the records of my grandfathers Baptism as a child, way back in 1922. I could also get details about their marriage and my great grandfather’s family. My father John Schoff was a business consultant who married my mother Ebenezer Bourgeois. My grandfather Jacob Schoff was a lawyer in New York. His father John Scho ff born in 1880 migrated from Pennsylvania to New York as he was a physician. Jacob Schoff, his father had eight children including 5 sons and 3 daughters. He was born and bought up in the Pennsylvanian plantations and lived as a farmer most part of his life. He took part in the American Civil War too. Two of his descendants still live in the plantation. They have a full record of family history starting from the very first ancestor who came to America from Germany way back in 1702. Jacob Schoff’s father Andreas Schoff who lived during the Californian Gold rush is said to be a writer and adventurer. It is said he stuck luck in the gold rush and bought the plantation in Pennsylvania with that money. The family lived in the plantations for three generations until my great grandfather John Schoff moved to New York. Andreas Schoff’s great grandfather migrated from Germany to England in search of a better future in the 17th century. He came to America in 1709 (Schoff Coat o f Arms and Name History, 2000). He moved to various places and finally settled in Virginia. His grand children fought for the Independence of America during the 1776 war. His descendants are called under various names like Schoff, Schaeffer and Schafer. I was quite proud to know that my family has such a long history and had contributed its share in every major event of this nation from the Independence struggle to the Civil war. Early day journals maintained by our great ancestor Andreas Schoff written in German, states how a handful of German’s were treated indifferently by the dominant French and British colonists. I have heard stories from my grandfather on how he was scrutinized for being a German descendant during the Second World War. My grandfather was not able to go higher in profession because of this discrimination. However, we live in better times now. Thanks to the endless efforts of generations of our family members who strived hard to give us an economically sa fe future in this century. My Mother’s History Exploring my mother’s side of family history, I found she is a mixture of Irish and French nationals who settled in the United States centuries back. Peter Bourgeois my mother’s great ancestor settled in Nova Scotia in 1761. Bourgeois were a class held in high esteem next to the Nobles in France (Bourgeois Family Crest and Name History, 2000). They came here to serve in the French army and settled in the US soil. His family slowly

Strategic Management in Action. HSBC Group Essay

Strategic Management in Action. HSBC Group - Essay Example After the organization of Hong Kong as a British colony in the consequences of the Opium War, a bank was required to finance the mounting trade between China and Europe. Its major and foundation-laying supplementary The Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation were recognized in Hong Kong and Shanghai in 1865. HSBC Holdings plc is a public limited company integrated in England and Wales, headquartered in London Strategic management refers to the art of planning your business at the maximum possible level. It is the responsibility of the company’s leader (or leaders). Strategic management centers on building a solid underlying structure to your business that will then be fleshed out through the joint efforts of every individual you employ. It is the procedure of specifying the organizations mission, vision and objectives, rising policies and plans, often in terms of projects and programs, which are planned to attain these objectives and then allocating resources to employ the policies, and plans, projects and programs. Strategic management seeks to organize and incorporate the activities of the different functional areas of a business in order to attain long-term organizational objectives. The business is being redesign to focus chiefly on high growth economies, by hopeful to trend to 60% of revenues coming from these economies. When looking at the urbanized markets business, center is to build particularly on those parts of the customer base which have international connectivity for which their "right to win" is mainly important. Global Banking and Markets: 4,000 international customers, where rising markets, stability sheet and worldwide platforms (HSBC net, Payments & Cash Management, Global Sub-Custody, Trade Services) are HSBCs calling card. Commercial Banking: 2.7 million customers locally, where top end customers and 40% of HSBCs SME customers have international requirements, HSBCs calling card. The

Family History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Family History - Essay Example I contacted our local church first to look for my Baptism details. There it was. The church had records of my Baptism before 18 years along with my parents name and grandparent’s name. Digging deeper, I found out my parents got married in the same Church where I was baptised, five years before my birth. Their marriage registration details gave me the name and address of my grandparents Jacob Schoff and Linda Schoff. My mother was the daughter of Claude Bourgeois and Michele Bourgeois. With the address I collected from the church I visited Pennsylvania where my father’s grand parents lived long ago. Getting in touch with the area Church, I was able to get the records of my grandfathers Baptism as a child, way back in 1922. I could also get details about their marriage and my great grandfather’s family. My father John Schoff was a business consultant who married my mother Ebenezer Bourgeois. My grandfather Jacob Schoff was a lawyer in New York. His father John Scho ff born in 1880 migrated from Pennsylvania to New York as he was a physician. Jacob Schoff, his father had eight children including 5 sons and 3 daughters. He was born and bought up in the Pennsylvanian plantations and lived as a farmer most part of his life. He took part in the American Civil War too. Two of his descendants still live in the plantation. They have a full record of family history starting from the very first ancestor who came to America from Germany way back in 1702. Jacob Schoff’s father Andreas Schoff who lived during the Californian Gold rush is said to be a writer and adventurer. It is said he stuck luck in the gold rush and bought the plantation in Pennsylvania with that money. The family lived in the plantations for three generations until my great grandfather John Schoff moved to New York. Andreas Schoff’s great grandfather migrated from Germany to England in search of a better future in the 17th century. He came to America in 1709 (Schoff Coat o f Arms and Name History, 2000). He moved to various places and finally settled in Virginia. His grand children fought for the Independence of America during the 1776 war. His descendants are called under various names like Schoff, Schaeffer and Schafer. I was quite proud to know that my family has such a long history and had contributed its share in every major event of this nation from the Independence struggle to the Civil war. Early day journals maintained by our great ancestor Andreas Schoff written in German, states how a handful of German’s were treated indifferently by the dominant French and British colonists. I have heard stories from my grandfather on how he was scrutinized for being a German descendant during the Second World War. My grandfather was not able to go higher in profession because of this discrimination. However, we live in better times now. Thanks to the endless efforts of generations of our family members who strived hard to give us an economically sa fe future in this century. My Mother’s History Exploring my mother’s side of family history, I found she is a mixture of Irish and French nationals who settled in the United States centuries back. Peter Bourgeois my mother’s great ancestor settled in Nova Scotia in 1761. Bourgeois were a class held in high esteem next to the Nobles in France (Bourgeois Family Crest and Name History, 2000). They came here to serve in the French army and settled in the US soil. His family slowly

The Great Gatsby -The Corruption of the American Dream-how its Essay

The Great Gatsby -The Corruption of the American Dream-how its original idealism has been replaced by materialism and greed - Essay Example It was a reminder of his poverty. Gatsbys parents were poor farmers, whom he had never accepted as his parents. .. He developed out of an idealization of the American Dream... One day, while attending a small Lutheran college in southern Minnesota and feeling dismayed by having to work as a janitor to put himself through school, Gatsby spots the moored yacht of Dan Cody. In an action that changes the young boys life, Cody welcomes him aboard his yacht and introduces him to fine living. Gatsby becomes the protegà ¨ of the wealthy goldminer and lives with him until Cody dies. With some wealth of his own and dreams of more, he goes into the army(Media Adaptations). enhances his chase of the â€Å"golden fleece.† Gatsby is so infatuated with Daisy that he could not see beneath her beauty; â€Å"He found her excitingly desirable.† Jordan tells Nick that; â€Å"the officer looked at Daisy...in a way that every young girl wants to be looked at some time.† He wants her because other men want her. The difference in their social status lured him to her even more. â€Å"He took her because he had no real right to touch her hand.† â€Å"He becomes impressed with her beautiful home and many boyfriends(Media Adaptations). Gatsby truly believes that money is the obstacle between him and Daisy; the truth is Daisy does not love him. She is not capable of loveing. Daisy is fickle, but Gatsby does not see this, he convinces himself that if he gets wealth, Daisy will choose him above her other boyfriends. For Gatsby, the American Dream means wealth and Daisy. Gatsby goes to war comforted by the fact that Daisy is waiting for him. However, Daisy does no such thing, her loyalty goes to the highest bidder, Tom Buchanan. It is obvious that neither Gatsby nor Daisy knows what love really is. Daisys requirement list for a husband has only one item,

Living in Germany Around 1941 Essay Example for Free

Living in Germany Around 1941 Essay A) Explain why the invasion of the USSR changed the lives of those living in Germany around 1941-42. (12 Marks) The invasion of the USSR in the summer months was that of great confidence and assertiveness that they were on the ‘front foot’ from the German people. During these summer months, the Russians had been pushed back by the Germans to what many thought of as the core of the USSR; Russia. Obviously when the Germans had advanced 20 miles short of the central of the most powerful enemy they’ve faced yet, the German people had a right to be happy with their recent progress in the war. This changed their lives by giving them more confidence in that they felt they could defeat the Russians as they were pushing them back towards the capital. However, after the winter set in the attitude of the German people to the progress being made in the war changed. Before the war the Germans had demolished smaller countries such as France and Poland, meaning that the German people felt that losing was almost alien to them. But when the Russians kicked back against the Germans on the Eastern Front on December 5th 1941 outside of Moscow, the German retreat began. More and more soldiers fell, and the Germans were never able to recover the ground that they had lost. Due to the soldiers diminishing, letters had to be written back to rural Germany to notify those whom had relatives/friends in the war. When the letters started to come thick and fast, the German people now had a hint of doubt in their mind. I like to think of it as a seed that was planted- the plantation is from the initial invasion of the USSR, and when more and more letters and stories came back from the Russian lines the tree grew. Eventually, the doubt that was once a seed at the start of the invasion of Russia, had now fully flourished into a vast tree of doubt, showing us how the German lives had changed through doubt and anxiety that gradually built up through the invasion of Russia, from going and destroying France and Poland to being pushed back from the Russians. Some historians could say that the battle of Stalingrad had the biggest effect of the German people around 1941. I would say that it was the turning point in the entire war, as it caused the realization from the German people that they were not going to win the war. This contrasts to before the war, where, as said, the German people didn’t have many qualms about minor losses because they believed they knew they were going to win in the first pl ace. However during Stalingrad this changed; where a quarter million Germans were surrounded, field marshaled, and eventually forced to surrender- this continued on to 1942 where the German soldiers were freezing, and running low on ammunition. The news of this was tried to be kept ‘under wraps’ by some of the hierarchy in the German army, as it would prove low for morale. However the word spread through the press and a flurry of letters of death being sent home. This fully confirmed to the German citizens that the Germans were now on the ‘back foot’ changing their lives, as they now had to be preparing for a loss, instead of a victory. Although it is not directly coherent to the invasion of the USSR, it could be said that the bombings that partly came about from the invasion of Russia changed the lifestyles and actions of the German people. Before the bombings, William L Shirer reported â€Å"The atmosphere was so peaceful and calm. The bathing beach at Wannsee jammed with thousands. Hundreds of sailboats and canoes on the Havel. Families picnicking under the trees† this tells us that the German people were once not bothered as much by the war, and it continued to be ‘business as usual’ for the German citizens. I can contrast this when the bombings continued to develop on 16th and 17th of January 1943. The German people were now saying that the â€Å"English are clearly superior in the air, and that the German Luftwaffe is ‘impotent’ at the moment and has no possibility of retaliating appropriately† I think that this is a perfect example of the change from the Germans being confident and carrying on with their ‘normal day’ to then beginning to doubt the German superiority in the war, showing us how much their attitude has changed from pride to dread in a matter of three years. Even though the bombings weren’t as connected to the Germans invading Russia, it could be said that had not the Germans invaded Russia then the bombings may not have been present/ been less relentless.

Critical thinking | Analysis

Critical thinking | Analysis Critical thinking Nowadays, critical thinking is an interest, important and vital topic in whole modern educations. Modern Education meant that all education tailored to the needs of this age because Modern education is a tool used to learn how to survive in this era. Because of that, all educators are interested to teach their students to think critically. Many academic of departments hope that the teacher, lecturers, professors and instructors will be teaching an information about the strategies of critical thinking skills and identifying areas in persons as a great place to emphasize, to develop, to improve and to use some of the problems in the tests or exams that test their critical thinking skills. The purpose of this paper is to explain the definition, the way to master, the advantages, and all about critical thinking. Manuals of critical thinking and all information have been prepared and provided shortly and clearly so that the reader will have the time and opportunity to read and follow the advice that contained in this paper and help other peoples to achieve the goal of this paper. The explanations will be emphasized in student life. DEFINITION Ennis (in the Costa, 1985) introduced critical thinking as reflective thinking that is focused on making decisions about what is believed or done. Critical thinking actually is the ability and willingness to assess claims and make objective assessments based on well-supported reasons. This is the ability to find defects in the arguments and reject the claim that doesnt have supporting evidence. However, critical thinking isnt just same as negative thinking, it also encourages the ability to be creative and constructive to generate possible explanations for the findings, think about the implications, and apply new knowledge to the variety of social and personal problems. In truth critical thinking cannot completely separate from the creative thinking, because it is only when you question what is that you can begin to imagine what could. (Wade and Tavris, pp.4-5) The best meaning of critical thinking is as the ability of thinkers to take over their own thoughts. The specific purpose of teaching this critical thinking in science or in other discipline is to improve the skills of someones thinking for better prepared to succeed in the world.And then the critical thinker is someone who can use or even master critical thinking. They can think critically and creatively, to distinguish between facts and opinions, ask questions, make detailed observations, uncovering assumptions and define their terms, and make statements based on logic sound and solid evidence. The ideal critical thinker has a sense of great curiosity, Actual, his reason can be trusted, open minded, flexible, balanced in the evaluation, honest in facing personal prejudices, be careful in making decisions, willing to reconsider, the issue of transparency, smart in finding relevant information, reasonable in choosing the criteria, the focus in inquiry, and persistent in seeking discovery. In the form of simple, critical thinking is based on the values of the universal intellectual, namely: clarity, accur acy, precision (precision), consistency, relevance, the facts are reliable, for reasons good, deep, broad, and according to (Scriven and Paul, 2007). CHARACTERISTICS OF CRITICAL THINKER To find the people who have the ability of critical thinking, there are 27 characteristics of critical thinking developed by Ennis (in Costa, 1985), namely: (1) They are looking for a clear question and a question of theory;(2) they are looking for a reason; (3) they are trying to be an Actual; (4) they are using the resources that can be trusted and express; (5) they explain the entire situation; (6) they are trying to stay relevant with the main idea; (7) they are keeping the basic and original idea in the mind;(8) they are looking for an alternative; (9) they are open-minded; (10) they are taking a position (and change the position) when the evidence and possible reasons to do so; (11) they are searching for documents with precision; (12) they agreed in an orderly manner with the parts of the whole complex; (13) they are sensitive to the feelings, knowledge, and intelligence of others; (14) they ask relevant questions; (15) they may admit a lack of understanding or information; (16) they are curious; (17) they are interested in finding new solutions; (18) they can clearly; (19) they define a set of criteria for analyzing ideas; (20) t hey are willing to examine beliefs, assumptions, and opinions and consider them against the facts; (21) they are listening carefully to others and is; (9) they are able to provide feedback; (22) they see that Critical thinking is a lifelong process of self assessment; (23) they suspend judgments until all the facts have been gathered and considered; (24) they find evidence to support assumptions and beliefs; (25) they can adjust opinions when new facts are discovered; (26) they examined the problem closely; (27) they are able to reject information that is untrue or irrelevant.[1] In addition, there are 12 indicators of critical thinking skills that are divided into five major groups below: (1) Provides a simple explanation: a) focus on the question, b) analyze the arguments, c) asking and answering of an explanation or challenge; (2) build basic skills: d) to consider the credibility of the source, e) observed and considered a report of observations; (3)concluded: f) deduce and consider the results of deduction, g) induces and consider the results of induction, h) to make and determine the value of the consideration; (4) further explanation: i) define the term and consider the definition, j) identifying assumptions; (5) setting the strategy and tactics: k) determines the action, l) to interact with others. ASPECTS OF CRITICAL THINKING Critical thinking is a manner that can influence people. That influence is called Aspects of Critical thinking and that aspects are divided by the critical thinking process which has five phases. A full cycle of critical thinking, as described below, usually leads to another triggering event and another journey through the critical thinking process. New assumptions may be challenged, new information gathered and new approaches developed. As they pass through these phases, critical thinkers will engage the four components of critical thinking. At every point they identify and challenge old assumptions, analyze context, look for bias and seek alternatives. These phases lay as follow: Phase 1: Trigger Event. Most people are motivated to start thinking critically by some kind of external event or ideal. This is usually unexpected and causes some kind of inner discomfort or confusion. Trigger events can be both positive and negative. Phase 2: Appraisal. After the triggering event, an uncomfortable period of doubt may follow. This phase can involve an attempt to make light of a concern. Others may keep worrying through this stage, and decide they need to find another approach to dealing with the issue. Phase 3: Exploration. In this phase, people accept that they are moving toward some kind of change or transformation. They ask questions, develop options and make discoveries. They find out about other people who are dealing with similar things. They gather more information. Phase 4: Finding Alternatives. This phase can also be called the transition stage when old ideas are either left behind, or clarified, and new ways of thinking or acting are started. Decisions are made about how far change should go, and how fast. Phase 5: Integration. This phase involves finding ways to fit new ideas and information into everyday lives. In some cases this means making major changes. In other cases, it means confirming the old ideas. STAGES OF CRITICAL THINKER Critical thinking skill also has stages. These stages is a phase that Critical thinker will master the skills. There are 6 stages of Critical thinking laid out are as follows: Stage One: The Unreflective Thinker. Unreflective thinkers most are unaware of the role of determining that the thinking is to play in their lives and the many ways in thinking that the problems that caused the problem in their lives. Unreflective thinkers lack the ability to explicitly assess their thinking and improve it. Stage Two: The Challenged Thinker. Thinkers move to the â€Å"challenged† stage when they become initially aware of the determining role that thinking is playing in their lives, and of the fact that problems in their thinking are causing them serious and significant problems. Stage Three: The Beginning Thinker. Those who move to the beginning thinker stage are actively taking up the challenge to begin to take explicit command of their thinking across multiple domains of their lives. Thinkers at this stage recognize that they have basic problems in their thinking and make initial attempts to better understand how they can take charge of and improve it. Based on this initial understanding, beginning thinkers begin to modify some of their thinking, but have limited insight into deeper levels of the trouble inherent in their thinking. Most importantly, they lack a systematic plan for improving their thinking, they hence their efforts are hit and miss. Stage Four: The Practicing Thinker. Thinkers at this stage have a sense of the habits they need to develop to take charge of their thinking. They are not only recognizing that problems exist in their thinking, but they are also recognizing the need to attack these problems globally and systematically. Based on their sense of the need to practice regularly, they are actively analyzing their thinking in a number of domains. However, since practicing thinkers are only beginning to approach the improvement of their thinking in a systematic way, they still have limited insight into deeper levels of thought, and thus into deeper levels of the problems embedded in thinking. Principal Challenge is to begin to develop awareness of the need for systematic practice in thinking. Stage Five: The Advanced Thinker. Thinkers at this stage have now established good habits of thought which are â€Å"paying off.† Based on these habits, advanced thinkers not only actively analyze their thinking in all the significant domains of their lives, but also have significant insight into problems at deeper levels of thought. While advanced thinkers are able to think well across the important dimensions of their lives, they are not yet able to think at a consistently high level across all of these dimensions. Advanced thinkers have good general command over their egocentric nature. They continually strive to be fair-minded. Of course, they sometimes lapse into egocentrism and reason in a one-sided way. Stage Six: The Master Thinker. Master thinkers not only have systematically taken charge of their thinking, but are also continually monitoring, revising, and re-thinking strategies for continual improvement of their thinking. They have deeply internalized the basic skills of thought, so that critical thinking is, for them, both conscious and highly intuitive. As Piaget would put it, they regularly raise their thinking to the level of conscious realization. Through extensive experience and practice in engaging in self-assessment, master thinkers are not only actively analyzing their thinking in all the significant domains of their lives, but are also continually developing new insights into problems at deeper levels of thought. Master thinkers are deeply committed to fair-minded thinking, and have a high level of, but not perfect, control over their egocentric nature. TYPES OF CRITICAL THINKING SKILLS As explained before, critical thinking is a process of thinking about an idea or ideas in a methodical way and from a variety of angles. One method of thinking critically involves a series of questions to be applied to the idea under consideration. These questions can be broken down into three categories: (1) Questions which help us observe a text; (2) Questions which help us evaluate the text; (3) Questions which help us respond to and use (or apply) the text critically. First skill: Observation skills. Observation skills are the skill of someone to observe the case with given question. The question of observation can be divided into a two subcategories: (1) Those relating to the immediately sated assertion, reasoning, evidence, and conclusion; (2) Those relation to the derived meaning for the reader. Observational questioning includes the personal response of the reader since the reader constructs and in therefore part of the text. Here are some observation-based questions, those which help us identify the assertions, line of reasoning, and systematic explanations: 1. What are the meanings of the special terms in this text? 2. What is the point of the text, namely the authors conclusion (thesis)? 3. What evidence does the author give? 4. What is the actual path of reasoning offered? Second skill: Evaluation Skills. Evaluation Skills is evaluating the stated text in relation to the history of its ideas and imbedded beliefs and looking at contextual elements such as the method of gathering, evidence, the mode of presentation, the assumption behind the logic of the reasoning, and the events which led to the methods, presentational form, and assumptions. In other words, in evaluation questions, we historicize the stated text. Here are some examples of evaluation skill questions: 1. Are the meanings of the special terms ambiguous in any way? How so? 2. Does the evidence make sense? Why or why not? 3. Does evidence match the conclusions? If not, what might explain the mismatch? 4. Does the reasoning lead well from assertion through evidence to conclusion or are there gaps in the sequencing or ambiguity in the language? 5. What other conclusions might be drawn? 6. What other evidence might be brought to bear on the reasoning? 7. What other assertions might have been made? 8. Why might the author have left out evidence which changes the meaning of the text? Third skill: Critical Response and Application skills. To further reveal the mosaic of idea, evidence, and intention, the critical thinker will usually include him/her in some way part of the context, using a third set of questions. The following response/application questions lead to a critical understanding of the readers relationship to a text: 1. What is it about this text that interests me? 2. Did I agree or disagree strongly with the author any time during the course of reading the text? What is the precise language I disagree with? 3. Does the idea under consideration relate in any way to my own life or lives of people I know? How so? 4. Why I am interested in this text? 5. Is there something I might gain or lose by accepting the conclusion of the author? What is the gain or loss? 6. Do the values and beliefs of the author appear to match my own? If not, is this mismatch responsible for my judgment of the idea? The response/application questions, like evaluation questions, are â€Å"why† questions. They dig into the casual factors shaping ideas, evidence, methods, and presentational forms of thought. As such, they are the foundation of thoughtful critique and argumentation. HOW TO BE A GOOD CRITICAL THINKER Furthermore, the next topic is the way to be a good critical thinker. Here are the steps that can be followed by someone who wants to be critical thinkers. The questions related to each other following allows people to evaluate their own thoughts and ideas of others. If people use these questions with organized to assess their thoughts on various topics or evaluate ideas they find in articles, books, conversations and other places, they will come to the conclusion that an independent and credible. By using these questions on a regular basis, people learn to examine assumptions, facing prejudice, recognize different points of view, considering the meaning of the word, noting the implications of the conclusions and evaluate evidence.Each person can learn to think critically because the human brain is constantly trying to understand the experience. In continuing quest for meaning, the brain connects abstract ideas with real-world context.The following steps are presented in the form of a question. Because by answering questions, people involved in mental activities that they need to obtain a deep understanding. These questions are presented in the order thoroughly examine each problem, issue, project, or the decisions faced by the people especially the students in the face of learning in the classroom or personal experience.The steps of critical thinking are as follows: Ask questions; be willing to wonder. Always be on the lookout for questions that have not been answered in the textbooks, by the experts in the field or by the media. Be willing to ask whats wrong here? and/or Why is this way it is, and how did it come to be that way? Define the problem. An inadequate formulation of question can produce misleading or incomplete answers. Ask neutral questions that dont presuppose answers. Examine the evidence. Ask yourself, What evidence supports or refutes this argument and its opposition? Just because many people believe, including so-called experts, it doesnt make it so. Analyze assumptions and biases. All of us are subject to biases, beliefs that prevent us from being impartial. Evaluate the assumptions and biases that lie behind arguments, including your own. Avoid emotional reasoning: If I feel this way, it must be true. Passionate commitment to a view can motivate a person to think boldly without fear of what others will say, but when gut feelings replace clear thinking, the results can be disastrous. Dont oversimplify. Look beyond the obvious, rest easy generalizations, reject either/or thinking. Dont argue by anecdote. Consider other interpretations. Formulate hypotheses that offer reasonable explanations of characteristics, behavior, and events. Tolerate uncertainty. Sometimes the evidence merely allows us to draw tentative conclusions. Dont be afraid to say I dont know. Dont demand the answer. REQUIREMENTS TO BE A CRITICAL THINKER If there is a way, there is also a requirement. This matter also occurred in Critical thinking. These are 16 requirements to be Critical Thinker that must be fulfilled to reach the goal: (1) state and explain goals and purposes; (2) clarify the questions they need to answer and the problems they need to solve; (3) gather and organize information and data; (4) explicitly assess the meaning and significance of information you give them; (5) demonstrate that they understand concepts; (6) identify assumptions;( 7) consider implications and consequences; (8) examine things from more than one point of view; (9) state what they say clearly; (10) test and check for accuracy; (11) stick to questions, issues, or problems; and not wander in their thinking; (12) express themselves precisely and exactly; (13) deal with complexities in problems and issues; (14) consider the point of view of others (15) express their thinking logically; (16) Distinguish significant matters from insignificant ones.[2] APPLYING CRITICAL THINKING In peoples life there are many types of Critical thinking can be applied, but in this explanation will be focused just on two Applications. They are Application Critical thinking in Reading and American History. Apply to Reading (Critical Reading). One alternative to increase students critical thinking skills is to become familiar with critical reading. Habituation is not only done by teachers or Lecturers language (more specifically the faculty to read) but also by all teachers of all disciplines. Is not the modern learning process, in the field / discipline of any kind, theres always reading.There are equal parts between the activities of critical thinking with reading activities. Both require the brain works. The core activities of critical thinking are the use of reason in judging the truth of something. Similarly, reading activities, in which there is a process of reasoning to understand the meaning of written symbols. Thus, the process of learning and habituation to read is essentially a process of learning and habituation to think too. One type of reading activity in which obviously requires the ability to think critically is a critical reading. Critical Reading is the ability and willingness to assess claims and make objective assessments based on well-supported reason in the reading. These seven critical reading strategies can be learned readily and then applied not only to reading selections in a Literature class, but also to your other college reading. Mastering these strategies will help to handle difficult material with confidence. Annotating. Annotating is an important skill to employ if you want to read critically. Successful critical readers read with a pencil in their hand, making notes in the text as they read. Instead of reading passively, they create an active relationship with what they are reading by talking back to the text in its margins. And annotation is a key component of close reading. Since we will annotate texts all year, you need to develop a system Effective annotating is both economical and consistent. The techniques are almost limitless. Use any combination of the following: (1) Make a brief comments in the margins. Use any white space available inside cover, random blank pages; (2) make brief comments between or within lines of the text. Do not be afraid to mark within the text itself; (3) circle or put boxes, triangles, or clouds around words or phrases; (4) use abbreviations or symbols brackets, stars, exclamation points, question marks, numbers, etc; (5)Connect words, phrases, ideas, circles, boxes, etc. with lines or arrows; (6) underline (CAUTION: Use this method sparingly). Underline only a few words. Always combine with another method such as comment. Never underline an entire passage. Doing so takes too much time and loses effectiveness. If you wish to mark an entire paragraph or passage, draw a line down the margin or use brackets; (7) highlight See underline. You cannot write with a highlighter anyway; (8) create your own code. (9) Use post-it notes only if you have exhausted all available space (unlikely). Previewing. Previewing is learning about a text before really reading it. Previewing enables readers to get a sense of what the text is about and how it is organized before reading it closely. This simple strategy includes seeing what you can learn from the headnotes or other introductory material, skimming to get an overview of the content and organization, and identifying the rhetorical situation. Previewing is especially useful for getting a general idea of heavy reading like long magazine or newspaper articles, business reports, and non-fiction books.It can give you as much as half the comprehension in as little as on tenth the time. For example, you should be able to preview eight or ten 100-page reports in an hour. After previewing, youll be able to decide which reports (or which parts of which reports) are worth a closer look.Heres how to preview: Read the entire first two paragraphs of whatever youve chosen. Next read only the first sentence of each successive paragraph. Then read the entire last two paragraphs.Previewing doesnt give you all the details. But it does keep you from spending time on things you dont really want-or need-to read.Notice that the previewing gives you a quick, overall view of long, unfamiliar material. For short, light reading, theres a better technique. Contextualizing. The contextualizing is the way to placing a text in its historical, biographical, and cultural contexts. When you read a text, you read it through the lens of your own experience. Your understanding of the words on the page and their significance is informed by what you have come to know and value from living in a particular time and place. But the texts you read were all written in the past, sometimes in a radically different time and place. To read critically, you need to contextualize, to recognize the differences between your contemporary values and attitudes and those represented in the text. Questioning. Questioning is about understanding and remembering by asking questions about the content. Questions are designed to help you understand a reading and respond to it more fully, and often this technique works. When you need to understand and use new information though it is most beneficial if you write the questions, as you read the text for the first time. With this strategy, you can write questions any time, but in difficult academic readings, you will understand the material better and remember it longer if you write a question for every paragraph or brief section. Each question should focus on a main idea, not on illustrations or details, and each should be expressed in your own words, not just copied from parts of the paragraph. Reflecting. It means that reflecting on challenges to your beliefs and values by examining your personal responses. The reading that you do for this class might challenge your attitudes, your unconsciously held beliefs, or your positions on current issues. The steps are bellow: (1) As you read a text for the first time, mark an X in the margin at each point where you fell a personal challenge to your attitudes, beliefs, or status. (2) Make a brief note in the margin about what you feel or about what in the text created the challenge. (3) Now look again at the places you marked in the text where you felt personally challenged. (4) Then check the patterns that you see. Outlining and summarizing. Outlining and summarizing is identifying the main ideas and restating them in your own words. Outlining and summarizing are especially helpful strategies for understanding the content and structure of a reading selection. Whereas outlining reveals the basic structure of the text, summarizing synopsizes a selections main argument in brief. Outlining may be part of the annotating process, or it may be done separately (as it is in this class). The key to both outlining and summarizing is being able to distinguish between the main ideas and the supporting ideas and examples. The main ideas form the backbone, the strand that holds the various parts and pieces of the text together. Outlining the main ideas helps you to discover this structure. When you make an outline, dont use the texts exact words. Summarizing. Summarizing begins with outlining, but instead of merely listing the main ideas, a summary recomposes them to form a new text. Whereas outlining depends on a close analysis of each paragraph, summarizing also requires creative synthesis. Putting ideas together again in your own words and in a condensed form shows how reading critically can lead to deeper understanding of any text. Evaluating an argument. Evaluating an argument means testing the logic of a text as well as its credibility and emotional impact. All writers make assertions that want you to accept as true. As a critical reader, you should not accept anything on face value but to recognize every assertion as an argument that must be carefully evaluated. An argument has two essential parts: a claim and support. The claim asserts a conclusion an idea, an opinion, a judgment, or a point of view that the writer wants you to accept. The support includes reasons (shared beliefs, assumptions, and values) and evidence (facts, examples, statistics, and authorities) that give readers the basis for accepting the conclusion. When you assess an argument, you are concerned with the process of reasoning as well as its truthfulness (these are not the same thing). At the most basic level, in order for an argument to be acceptable, the support must be appropriate to the claim and the statements must be consistent w ith one another. Comparing and contrasting related readings. Comparing and contrasting related readings means Exploring likenesses and differences between texts to understand them better. Many of the authors on the subject of thinking critically approach the topic in different ways. Fitting a text into an ongoing dialectic helps increase understanding of why an author approached a particular issue or question in the way he or she did. Apply to American History. Being able to distinguish between a statement of fact, an opinion or an inference is an important skill to critical thinking. It involves knowing what can be proven directly, what is a legitimate implication derived from the facts, and what is fair to conclude from the historical record. Historians typically interweave statements of fact, inferences they derive from the facts, and statements of their own opinion into a seamless historical narrative. Critical thinkers must be able to distinguish among these three types of communication. (1) FACT: reports information that can be directly observed or can be verified or checked for accuracy. (2) OPINION: expresses an evaluation based on a personal judgment or belief which may or may not be verifiable. (3) INFERENCE: a logical conclusion or a legitimate implication based on factual information. Generally, facts are constants in historical study. But a compendium of facts is inevitably incomplete and deathly dull to read. Historians construct history by closing the gaps in their knowledge about the past, enlarge our under- standing, and enliven their narrative by drawing logical inferences from their assembled facts. Often, they then use their expertise to arrive at a considered judgment about the wisdom or significance of past decisions and events. ADVANTAGES BECOME CRITICAL THINKER Each good manner must have its advantages. If people have succeeded mastering Critical Thinker, he/she will get big advantages. Many advantages that they can get, ten of them is: (1) They will learn content at a deeper and more permanent level; (2) They will be are better able to explain and apply what they learn; (2) They will be better able to connect what they are learning in one class with what they are learning in other classes; (3) They will ask more and better questions in class; (4)They will understand the textbook better; (5) They will follow directions better; (6)of course, they will understand more of what you present in class; (7) They will write better; (8) They will apply more of what they are learning to their everyday life; (9)They will become more motivated learners in general; (10) They will become progressively easier to teach. Advantages in education Some research in education was indicated that critical thinking can prepare students to think in different disciplines, and can be used to fulfill the intellectual needs and development of potential students, because it can prepare students for careers in real lives (Liliasari, 1996; Adams, 2003). Furthermore, Chiras (1992, in Kurniati, 2001) explains that critical thinking that is learned in science class also affects the lives of students long after they leave their formal education by providing a tool where they can analyze a large number of issues they will face in their daily lives days. Unfortunately, the education system does not teach how to think. Education system more focused on delivering information rather than developing the ability to think. And yet the information into knowledge to analy